History of Policing Essay

The function of policing has played a considerable role in American history. The policing occupation has worked toward protecting citizens’ rights and helping America to become the free nation it is today. The United States of America is built from the U.S. Constitution and its Bill of Rights, from this document we gather the rules of policing and make sure that every Americans rights are met. The evolutions of policing practices that officers have learned have changed American history for the better. As new problems in society arise, police must change and adapt to protect and serve the public. Early American policing strategies were based off of a similar British model. Law enforcement was not well organized or structured until 1200 A.D., after that time offenders were being pursued by an organized posse. In those times offenders were caught be the organized posse and were usually tortured and faced public execution. Rarely were the criminals or the accused of this time given the right to fair trail, and were not considered innocent until proven guilty like the laws we have today state, it was the other way around, where citizens that were accused of crimes were guilty before any evidence or testimony were ever provided. One of the earliest forms of policing came about in English cities and towns and were called night watches.(Schmalleger, 2009). The primary purpose of a night watch was to watch out for fires and thievery. There was also a day watch which basically was the same job as night watch, but in the day. Eventually this form of policing led to a written law being proposed in 1285 called the Statute of Winchester. This law created a watch and ward system that gave early watches a systems and structure to form themselves around. This law gave early English towns the policing practices and guidelines needed to produce a stable society, free of criminal activities, allowing the towns the type of policing that they needed to thrive. The Statute of Winchester law consisted of four main points, things that were specific to the watch of that town, the mandating of age eligible men to serve, institutionalizing the use of the hue and cry, and for answering the call of duty. Prior structuring and laws such as the Statue of Winchester propelled law enforcement into its future when prime minister of England Sir Robert Peel formed the world’s first modern police force. Peel’s model of new police became the model for police all across the globe. He formed the police with more of a military outline; giving uniforms for better origination and structure. Early American leaders followed the day and night watch approach, later American leaders followed Sir Robert Peel method, which is what American policing still utilize today. New technological advances and social reform for policing were brought about in the twentieth century. The invention of automobiles, telephones, and radios were developments of the twentieth century, which have helped police officers with their communications, speed of investigations and coordination of efforts. Automobiles allowed police a quick responds and allowed them to serve greater areas. Radios and telephones allowed for the communication and coordination of efforts between police officers. Teddy Roosevelt contributed his part of advancement of the policing system by organizing the FBI and helping to promote the first call box system, which is closely associated with the 911 system used today. The political era (1840s-1930) was an era that policing organizations were more concerned with the interest of powerful politicians rather than the rights and laws of the people. The next eras of policing came from 1930s-1970s where police became increasingly concerned with solving of more traditional style of crimes. The time from the 1970s to the end of the twentieth century is considered to be the third period of policing and the most contemporary of policing practices, acting on policing of each community. Finally present day policing is or the modern era has given way to that of homeland security, which grew after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attack on the United States. All levels of law enforcement agencies, local; state; and federal have devoted more time and effort toward the protection of our nation and homeland security, in an effort to thwart any future attacks. Local, state, and federal law enforcement are tasked with the enforcement of the laws. Federal law enforcement agencies are government agencies whose primary function is the protection and enforcement of federal laws. State law enforcement agencies were created for specified set of needs. State law enforcement was built from one of two models. The first model combines major criminal investigations with the patrolling of state highways. The second model is the culmination of two functions which consist of traffic enforcement and other laws that need upheld. Today’s duties of the modern state policing are to assist local law enforcement in criminal investigations, operate identification bureaus, maintain criminal records repository, patrol states highways, and provide training for municipals and county officers. Today they have also stepped up to a role of homeland security, for identifying precursors to acts of terrorism. The third level of law enforcement is that of the local policing authorities, i.e. county sheriffs or town marshals. City and county agencies are both part of the local level, mayors or city council appoint the officers to their offices and their jurisdictions are limited only to the boundary of their communities. Sheriffs are responsible for law enforcement in unincorporated areas and for the operation of the county jail. Local police play their role in the new era of homeland security as well by ascertaining the changes in the community that are out of place or unusual. Local police help do this task by interacting with the public, and constantly patrolling neighborhoods and other parts of their community. The increases of population, crime, and the advancement of technologies have challenged our policing forces but it has also allowed it to make necessary changes and advancements in law enforcement evolve with the times, with each generation of Americans we continue to increase our knowledge, experience and technological advances. The structure and technologies of the policing may change over a given time but the ideal of protecting and serving the community will not. With increasing threats on the rise, the police force must be capable and flexible. Making sure they have the most innovative technologies to oppose impending threats and overcome the future challenges that may lie ahead. Reference Schmalleger, F. (2009). Criminal Justice Today: an Introductory Text for the 21st Century (10th ed.). New York, NY: Prentice-Hall. 2007. â€Å"DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY: Progress Report on Implementation of Mission and Management Functions.† GAO Reports i. MasterFILE Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed June 12, 2011). Dodsworth, F. M. (2008). The Idea of Police in Eighteenth-Century England: Discipline, Reformation, Superintendence, c. 1780-1800. Journal of the History of Ideas, 69(4), 583-604. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Scott, J. E. (2010). Evolving Strategies: A Historical Examination of Changes in Principle, Authority and Function to Inform Policing in the Twenty-First Century. Police Journal, 83(2), 126-163. doi:10.1350/pojo.2010.83.2.490

Web Site Structure

The purpose of this paper is to discuss and compare three Web site structures from the student textbook â€Å"New Perspectives on the Internet† by Schneider and Evans. This student will identify the preferred structure and why; provide two Web site locations with URL addresses, and discuss advantages to Cascading Style Sheets in the creation of a web page. A hierarchical structure is where the â€Å"pages are linked going from the most general page down to more specific pages†¦In a hierarchical structure, users can easily move from general to specific and back again.† (Schneider/Evans. 2006. p. 65). A linear structure is where â€Å"each page is linked with the pages that follow and precede it in an ordered chain.† (Schneider/Evans. 2006. p. 64). Linear structure does allow for augmented pages â€Å"in which each page contains an additional link back to an opening page.† (Schneider/Evans. 2006. p. 65). The third type of structure is called Mixed structure where â€Å"the overall form is hierarchical, as users can move from a general introduction to individual†¦however, links also allow users to move through the site in a linear fashion. (Schneider/Evans. 2006. p. 66). A Mixed structure provides the up and down and side to side movement within a site. The preference of this student would be Mixed structure and Hierarchical structure as these two types of structures provide maximum movement throughout a Web site. Formatting links, home pages and paths are unique to each Website; but, however, are similar depending on structure. A web site that this student enjoys to peruse is the National Geographic Web site, with the URL located at http://www.nationalgeographic.com. This site appears to be styled in a hierarchical structure, as it allows general to specific inquiry. It also allows the movement of backward and forward. Another web site of interest to this student is Facebook, with the URL located at http://www.facebook.com. This web site is designed on the linear structure with augmentation. Facebook pages are linked with pages that â€Å"follow and precede it in an ordered chain.† (Schneider/Evans. 2006. p. 64) Because Facebook does support an augmented style, links to outside sources and other available pages are available to the user. This design, however, from the user opinion, is lacking in personality and compatibility with the user. The design appears to be generalized, and simplified, allowing for many users in many locations and of many cultures. It is, therefore, very generic. Both Web sites provide home page links; but, because of the differences in structure, movement within each web site page is different. After some research in Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), this student has discovered several advantages in creating web pages. âž ¢ Cascading Style Sheets are written outside of the HTML codes and are therefore easy to access, change and manipulate. âž ¢ Cascading Style Sheets provide the designer the ability to change one section within the one sheet and having all similar sheets change as well in numerous locations. In closing, Cascading Style Sheets are a must in the creation of a web site. They provide ease of movement; top to down, back and forward and specific movement side to side. This ability provides a user-friendly web site. Depending on the information provided by the Web site and the audience to which it is geared, determines how the structure of the web site is designed.

Life and Works of Toni Morrison Essay

The Life and Work of Toni Morrison Toni Morrison, a premier contemporary American novelist, chronicles the African-American experience. Morrison has written six novels and a collection of essays and lectures. Her work has won national and international acclaim and has been translated into 14 languages. Her writing has been described as lyrical and she has been applauded for â€Å"writing prose with the luster of poetry. † Morrison won the prestigious Pulitzer Prize in 1988 for her novel  Belovedand the coveted Nobel Prize for Literature in 1993. In a released statement, the Nobel Prize Committee of the Swedish Academy awarded the prize to Morrison â€Å"who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality. † She is the first African-American writer to win the Nobel Prize, the first American woman to win in 55 years, and the eighth woman to win since the Nobel Prize was initiated in 1901. Morrison’s work, however, is not without controversy. In 1988, 48 African-American writers signed a letter protesting that her novel  Beloved  was overlooked for the National Book Award and the National Book Critics’ Circle Award. Many white authors and even some male African-American authors complained when she was selected for the Nobel Prize. They felt she received these awards due to preferential treatment based on race and sex. However, an overwhelming majority of the literary community agrees that such allegations are without merit. The Nobel Prize in Literature is not awarded for gender or race,† says Nadine Gordimer, the last woman to win the prize in 1991. â€Å"If it were, many thousands of mediocre writers might qualify. The significance of Toni Morrison’s winning the prize is simply that she is recognized internationally as an outstandingly fine writer. † Often the controversy surrounding such prizes are due in part to fierce competition for the money and prestige that are guaranteed to the rec ipients. Morrison has been hailed by experts for her ability to â€Å"re-imagine the lost history of her people. Others have recognized the Faulknerian influences in her work or that her plots have the sorrow of Greek tragedies. Along with the honor of winning the the Nobel Prize comes a cash award of $825,000. Morrison is currently the Robert F. Goheen Professor in the Council of the Humanities at Princeton University. Toni Morrison was born Chole Anthony Wofford in Lorrain, Ohio in 1931 during the Great Depression. (Toni is her nickname; Morrison is the name of her ex-husband. ) Her grandparents were former sharecroppers who migrated north from Alabama in 1910 to find a better life. Her family’s life was not without economic and racial hardships. They lived in a largely all-white town. Unpleasant memories of growing up there include being looked down upon because she was black. The only part-time job she could get at age 13 was cleaning people’s homes. In spite of these humble origins, Morrison received a B. A. from Howard University and a M. A. in English from Cornell University. Her master’s thesis was on writer William Faulkner, another Nobel Prize winner, whose work focused on life in the South. Upon graduation, one of her first round of jobs was teaching at Howard University. One of her students included writer Claude Brown who asked her to look at his 800 page manuscript. His book went on to become the classic urban autobiography  Manchild in the Promised Land. Another one of her students who went on to fame was Stokely Carmichael, a student activist and leader in the Black Power Movement of the sixties. In fact, the idea for her first book,  The Bluest Eye, came from the popular slogan â€Å"Black is Beautiful. Morrison placed a twist on that theme by focusing on a little black girl who did not think she was beautiful. After her teaching stints and the end of her marriage, she raised two sons as a single parent and wrote in her spare time. Morrison was hired by Random House, where she advanced from textbook editor to the position of senior editor. During her 18-year tenure, she helped writers to clean up their manuscripts, edited the  Black Book, a collection of Af rican-American memorabilia, and pushed for the publication of works by deserving, but often overlooked, African-American authors. Some of the authors that came to the limelight under her stewardship were Alice Walker, Gayle Jones, Gloria Naylor, and Toni Cade Bambara. Continuing to use Morrison as a guide, African-American female authors have emerged as a consistent and critical dimension in literature. In a 1994 interview with  Time  magazine, Morrison understands the significance of her work for female authors. â€Å"I felt I represented a whole world of women who either were silenced or who had never received the imprimatur of the established literary world. †¦ Seeing me up there might encourage them to write one of those books I’m desperate to read. † Before Morrison, the most successful African-American writers were males. For example, the work of acclaimed African-American novelist and essayist James Baldwin had tremendous literary impact in the fifties and sixties. Racial themes were explored as they had never been before in his books  Nobody Knows My Name  and  Go Tell It on the Mountain. Eventually, Baldwin felt uncomfortable living as a second-class citizen in the United States and became an ex-patriate who lived and worked from Paris. Richard Wright, Baldwin’s predecessor, was also an ex-patriate. Beginning with his autobiography  Black Boy  in 1945, Wright continued with  Outsiders, Uncle Tom’s Children, and his most important work  Native Son. Ralph Ellison wrote only one book. Yet Ellison’s Invisible Man won a National Book Award in 1952 and this allowed him to join the ranks of male authors successful at depicting the disenfranchisement of the African-Americans in the United States. Morrison is recognized as the most distinguished African-American novelist since Wright, Ellison, and Baldwin. In her work as an author, Morrison wanted to continue to broaden the perspective of American literature by telling the stories she felt were never told, stories about African-American girls and women and the racial and social pressures they faced. She wanted to write about people with the sensibilities of the culture she grew up in. Morrison wanted her work to focus on the joys and sorrows of their lives. She wrote her first novel when she was in her 30s. The Bluest Eye, published in 1970, is about a black girl who feels she has no beauty. If only her eyes were blue and her skin was white, then she could be someone who could be loved. The book received respectable attention. The Bluest Eye  became the first of many of Morrison’s explorations into the identity, self-esteem, and impact of racial discrimination on what she believes to be the most vulnerable—women and children. Sula, published in 1973, shows two friends, black and female, and how they fit and don’t fit into their community. With the publication of Song of Solomon in 1977, Morrison won critical and commercial success and the National Book Critics’ Circle Award. By the time her next novel  Tar Babywas due in the bookstores in 1981, she was featured on the cover ofNewsweek. Ever expanding on the theme of telling stories untold, it is said her bookBeloved  was written in memory of the millions of lives lost during slavery. The plot centers around an ex-slave Sethe who would rather kill her own children than risk that they be re-enslaved. The ghost of Sethe’s dead child tries to remain close to her mother and wreaks havoc when she cannot. All of the characters in  Beloved, Morrison’s Pulitzer Prize winning novel, try to recover from the personal and collective indignities of slavery. I was trying to make it a personal experience,† says Morrison in a question and answer interview with  Time  magazine. â€Å"The book was not about the institution—Slavery with a capital S. It was about these anonymous people called slaves. What they do to keep on, how they make a life, what they’re willing to risk, however long it lasts, in order to relate to one another—that was incredible to me,† she says. In 1992 Morrison published  Playing in the Dark, a collection of her Harvard lectures. In this collection she coins a new term, once again reinventing an already established concept. She teaches a humanities course that changes the term African-American to American Africanisms. This same year she also published  Race-ing Justice, En-Gendering Power, essays on the controversy surrounding the Clarence Thomas Supreme Court confirmation hearings. In her novel  Jazz, also published in 1992, Morrison continues her theme of giving a voice to the voiceless. Once again, she does everything she can to stretch the imagination. The novel makes both racial and historical statements about the inequities of life for African-Americans in the post-slavery era. With the writing of  Jazz, Morrison takes on new tasks and new risks. Jazz, for example, doesn’t fit the classic novel format in terms of design, sentence structure, or narration. Just like the music this novel is named after, the work is improvisational. In this work, she is influenced not only by the jazz, blues, and gospel music she was reared on, but also by the folklore, tall tales, and ghost stories that her family told for entertainment. The result is a writing style that has a unique mix of the musical, the magical, and the historical.

Describe how to manage conflict in interpersonal communication Essay

Describe how to manage conflict in interpersonal communication - Essay Example As indicated by Flanigan (1992), â€Å"forgiveness is the method by which people in intimate relationships let each other ‘off the hook’ for various acts of ruthlessness and unkindness† (p.2) †¦it occurs in a transaction (p.5)†¦[it] is the method by which the wounded person can readmit an outcast [and] the wounded person reopens his heart to take in and reaccept his offender†. . . [and] when it is final, it imparts peace to the forgiver and restores a modicum of kindness to the human community as a whole† (p.11). As can be deduced, therefore, the characteristics of forgiveness include: â€Å"(1) no longer harbored resentment against their offenders, (2) felt neutral toward their offenders, (3) once again experienced some degree of trust in their offenders, or (4) reconciled with their offenders, or when they experienced some combination of these four end-states† (Flanigan, 1992, p. 153). Since forgiveness was considered a process or a method â€Å"through which an injured person first fights off, then embraces, then conquers a situation that has nearly destroyed him† (Flanigan, 1992, p. 71), it is clearly evident that it is a crucial part of conflict, where conflict instigates the journey towards liberation from pain. One remembers from a personal experience that forgiveness was the positive end to a conflict situation. As emphasized by Flanigan, â€Å"the process of forgiving begins at its point of departure, naming the injury, and ends at its destination, the emergence of a new self. The stopping-off points in between are claiming the injury, blaming the injurer, balancing the scales, and choosing to forgive† (p.72). In one’s conflict scenario, the party involved in the conflict was a very close friend in school who was part of the small circle of steady friends who I share secrets with and spend most of the academic life with. The conflict occurred when that

Trade preferences for developing countries Essay

Trade preferences for developing countries - Essay Example On the other hand, in 2005, the OECD3 conducted an empirical research and reached to the conclusion that multilateral trade liberalization implemented by the EU has resulted in comparatively higher sizeable corrosion of predilections than the liberalization processes implemented by countries like Canada, Japan, Australia, and the United States. Thus, the importance of the trade preferences provided by the EU proved to be relatively less in comparison with the preferential schemes provided by other countries. The conclusion of OECD has also been maintained by Nilsson in his empirical research conducted in 2007. In the year of 2007, Persson and Wilhelmsson4 put their effort to find that some particular EU preferential deals had produced great impacts, specifically the schemes that were offered to the Pacific countries as well as the African Caribbean nations. These kinds of findings had earlier been reported by Nilsson in 20025. However, the preference schemes of a donor country should be seen with respect to the overall trade openness of the donor. For instance, if a benefactor does not have a high figure relating to the imports covered under the preferential schemes, then this would result in the entrance of a bulky share of the donor’s imports under the mechanism of MFN-0 tariffs. In this case, the capacity for preferences is limited as well. As a result, no matter whether the utilization of the rate of preferences in such state of affairs is high or low, it no longer becomes so vital. For getting an accurate picture of the openness of a donor to imports from less developed or developing nations, it is vital to study the share and the quantity of imported commodities entering the EU under the scheme of MFN-0, the proportion and volume of dutiable imports, the proportion of imports entitled to preferential arrangements, and, finally, the rate of preference utilization. This paper will put its effort to examinee the impact of EU trade preferences towards developing countries with special focus on India on the basis of existing literatures. However, before moving onto analyzing the impact, the paper will discuss the existing trade preference scheme. Then, it will consider general impact on developing countries a s a whole and finally it will put its special focus on India. Scope and coverage of trade preferences forwarded by EU: The fundamental principle of World Trade Organization is to practice the non-discriminating attitudes among the trading partners. However, it has been accepted that the developing nations should get favored treatment, compatible with their relatively disadvantageous economic situations. During 1971, following one of the UNCTAD’s (United Nations Conference on Trade & Development) recommendations, it was pointed out that the nations that had entered into the agreement under the GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade), predecessor to what is now known as the WTO, had agreed upon on a waiver of ten-y ears for the

Motivation and Job Design Theories Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Motivation and Job Design Theories - Case Study Example The experience that Peter Gibbons has on the highway is most likely a source of his lack of motivation. Because he cannot effectively get his vehicle into a moving lane, he gets demoralized. There is jam on the highway and he is most likely to arrive late at work. As he tries to move from one lane to another that appears to be moving relatively fast, the lane eventually stops moving when he has already joined the queue. He is thus unable to satisfy a lower need of getting a moving lane thus is most likely to relapse to a lower needs hierarchy level. He is unmotivated because he cannot attain the level of self actualization, which is finding a fast-moving lane. Clayton P. Alderfer's ERG Theory isolates three fundamental human needs that determine the behavior as concerns existence, relatedness and growth of an employee. Existence needs comprise of basic necessities for existence. These are psychological and safety needs in Maslow’s model. Relatedness focuses on the need for int erpersonal relationships, which conforms to Maslow’s social needs. Lastly, Alderfer distinguishes growth needs, which is inherent aspiration for individual development. The ERG model acknowledges that the order of significance of the three needs categories differ from one employee to another. Further the ERG model recognizes that the failure to achieve a higher need may make an individual to regress to lower needs that are relatively easier to meet, which is referred to as frustration-regression principle. Frustration-regression principle considerably affects the motivation of a worker. In the video clip, Peter Gibbons is apparently unmotivated in his job because he cannot achieve his target of finding a moving lane. Every time he tries to swerve to another lane, the new lane stops moving. This works him up and he appears to be focused on individual maintaining ground beside the highway. Because he is not achieving his mission, he is regressing to a lower need (relatedness) b y focusing his attention on the ground worker. Q2. The company, Initech, should establish a reward and recognition program. This would help the company to avoid situations where employees fell oppressed and that their contribution is not acknowledged. Peter Gibbons is depressed by how his boss treats him. The boss does not recognize Peter’s contribution, which leads him to develop an attitude of not caring about anything in the workplace. As such, establishing an effective reward and recognition of employee’s efforts would help to motivate Peter Gibson in the future. According to the theory of equity, employees who develop a notion that they are being underpaid or over-rewarded usually become distressed. This distress usually makes them to pursue how to restore equity in their work. Equity tries to link the contribution of employees to the rewards that they get. The theory holds that an employee will become angry when he feels underpaid while overpayment will also lead to a sense of guilt. Peter Gibson is required to turn up for the job even during weekends, which can be so demoralizing, especially when his relationship with the manager seems to be on the wire. By issuing reward and recognizing Gibson’s efforts, he is likely to be motivated in his work in the future. The management of Initech Company can also include employees in decision-making process, especially on matters that directly affect them. For example, Peter Gibson is unexpectedly

The importance of Marketing Communication Essay

The importance of Marketing Communication - Essay Example The process of any effective communication has six constituents i.e. the context, the sender, the message, the medium, the receiver and the feedback. The intention of communication is achieved only when the receiver successfully decodes the message in its truest sense and provides feedback to the sender. The American Marketing Association defines marketing as "an organisational function and a set of processes for creating, communicating and delivering value to customers and for managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the organisation and its stakeholders" (American Marketing Association, n.d.). Communication is the most critical aspect of a thriving marketing plan. The stake-holders are to be properly communicated in terms of organisational objectives, strategies and policies. The end-users i.e. the customers or the business partners (the stakeholders) should have fair knowledge about the product line, the availability of the products, the price and the promotional measures. All of these can be achieved only with proper communication as and when required. Even with all other things in place, without effective communication, the organisation can never expect to reach its desired goal. The supermarket giant of United Kingdom, Sainsbury's Plc was established in 1869. The most reputed standing major in the sector of super market chain, over the period of time Sainsbury's Plc has been regarded as heritage provider of safe, healthy, tasty and fresh food. The company also has the credit of constant improvement to provide the foods according to the requirements of the customers and maintains special attention towards the freshness of the food. The company serves more than 18 million customers per week and the market share of the company is around 16%. The company claims that their large stores offer a whole range of variety products of at least 30,000 types and also cater to the markets of non-food products and services from many of the stores. The company has five core principles namely The best for food and health Sourcing with integrity Respect for our environment Making a positive difference to our community A great place to work. ( J Sainsbury Plc, n.d.). Marketing Communication Mix The marketing communication can be expected to be successful only with proper mix of the various components of it. The different features are as follows: Advertising - Advertisement id the most sought technique of marketing communication. The advertisements are general in nature and are used to reach the geographically scattered customers. It contributes towards the long term relationship of the company with the client. Public Relations - Public relations is more of a formal channel of marketing communication. It includes formal press releases, advertorials, organisation of parties in favour of the products. It also ranges to sponsorships. Sales Promotion - Sales promotion is another constituent of the marketing communication mix. The techniques involved in sales promotion include discounts, coupons, premium offers, interesting contests, etc primarily with the objective of drawing quick buyer response. Direct Marketing - The modes of marketing that are intended to effect

Miss Celie Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Miss Celie - Assignment Example Celie’s hardships forced her to learn others’ values and beliefs. Ms. Celie’s bank was filled with a poor self image. The banking concept did not work with Ms. Celie, especially because she was abused and taught by others around her. When Shug, Mr. Johnson’s lover, came into Ms. Celie’s life, she began to teach Ms. Celie differently. Shug respected Ms. Celie after being around her for awhile. The two became confidants and lovers. Shug taught Ms. Celie that she was worth something. This allowed Ms. Celie to blossom. She opened her own shop after leaving Mr. Johnson. Ms. Celie even contacted her sister and children after Shug showed her letters Mr. Johnson had kept from her. Ms. Celie came back after her stepfather’s death to inherit her rightful estate. None of these things would have been possible without Shug teaching her self confidence and esteem. Shug treated the pupil with respect and taught Ms. Celie in her own individual way. Paulo Frieire’s idea of respecting each individual student instead of using the banking model is admirable, but impractical. Not every one comes from a loving or nurturing home. Some like, Ms. Celie, have hard lives. Too many people, educators included, are like Mr. Johnson, Pa, and others who treated Ms. Celie cruelly. The banking concept is the best method to teach children now, but Frieires ideas cannot be applied effectively to all

Tissot Watch Company Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Tissot Watch Company Analysis - Essay Example The first and foremost is brand recognition. Tissot relies heavily on different strategies that require lots of investment in advertising to create product value. As Tissot involved well known personalities to promote their products, this acted in their favour create brand recognition in the industry. The consumer base of the company has been strong enough which enabled the organisation to take steps into new products which in turn will attract new customers and cement the consumer base. Marketing and communication sets Tissot stand differently from its competitors. The design of the watches is built in such a way so that it attracts every level of consumers if not income wise but choice wise. Tissot took the step in distributing their products in different markets which not only raised their sells but penetrate other markets and drive out their competitors. The Swiss watch manufacturer has large and highly skilled pool of labor. They are trained for the specific purposes and latest innovations and techniques are injected into the products which affects the sales of the company. The price of the products is set at such a level which attracts targeted customers. The prices are competitive with other competitors in the industry and technological advancement is the factor which differentiates its products from other competitors. A huge product base is also offered for the customers with different price ranges. Luxury watches are defined as those watches which have a factory gate price of over CHF 500, and corresponds to more or less to sale price of over CHF 1500. A Harvard Business School Professor stated a ‘five forces model’ to make an analysis of the watch industry. There is the threat of new entrants which may be able to attract the consumer bases of the already existing players. There is rivalry among the players in terms of pricing, branding and advertisements. The only difference the watch industry has from all other industries is that it is n ot possible to deliver substitutable products. That is why the other aspects of business are foremost in this industry [Gautschi, 2005, pp. 7-8]. (Gold, Godsey, Cernusca, 2003, p. 9) The key to sustain in the Swiss watch industry is in fulfilling the strategic and operational goals of an organisation. Tissot has been able to capture a consumer base but in order to sustain in the industry the need of the time is inject new technologies and pricing strategies. Injection of new technologies will involve investments and the current needs of the market need to be identified. Once the needs are identified, new products are injected into the market using appropriate process strategies. Tissot should also have adequate back up plans for sudden entry of new competitors into the market. These unexpected moves are required to be handled efficiently. Research and development is one of the key areas which cannot be eliminated from any company in order to sustain in an industry (Adler and Shenhar , 1989, p. 10). Time should be spent on new product innovation and marketing of the products around the globe. Elasticity: One of the important concepts that can influence the pricing strategy is price elasticity of demand which shows the change in the quantity demanded of a certain product due to change in the price of the same product. Tissot will have to

Induction process project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Induction process project - Assignment Example Though known as ABC at the time, the organisation accorded clients with discounted rates, before proceeding to sell travel insurance in 1986. By 1988, the firm had already become a branch of the UK airport parking. It is from this point that Holiday Extras Ltd was renamed ABC Holiday Extras. By the end of the 1990s, Holiday Extras Ltd had already acquired its car parking company near Birmingham Airport (Barr, Shaw, Coles & Prillwitz, 2010, pp. 471-81). Presently, Holiday Extras Ltd has numerous sites at Cardiff, Birmingham, Gatwick, East Midlands, Luton, Manchester, Glasgow and Newcastle. All these total to more than 28,000 spaces. It is from 2003 that ABC Holiday Extras Ltd became Holiday Extras proper, through renaming. Presently, the company has a revenue pool that is worth 155 million British Pounds and more than 500 employees (Pollitt, 2007, p. 575 & McCabe, 2009, p. 688). Some of the products that are attributable to Holiday Extras Ltd include Theatre Breaks, Airport Parking, Airport Lounges, Airport Hotels, Theme Park Breaks and Travel Insurance. The company’s headquarters is situated in Hythe, United Kingdom and is presently planning on building a 1,415 square-metre extension (Dickinson, Robbins & Lumsdon, 2010, pp. 482-9). The programme is divided into three sessions: session I, II and III. The facilitators are to comprise designated representatives of all the departments who have been trained on their respective inputs of every player. These departmental representatives are to have their work specified for them and are to be assisted by a subordinating team. Just as Fitzsimmons, Miska & Stahl (2011, pp. 199-206) recommend, the evaluation form will consider several constructs to ascertain the success of the event. Some of these constructs include: attendance and positive feedback from the non-employee stakeholders. The

Interpersonal Violence Distortion of a Community Essay

Interpersonal Violence Distortion of a Community - Essay Example This may impact on the community negatively and will slow any development that would be taking place. According to Myer and Enns, the whole aspect of Christianity concerns reconciliation among individuals within a community. According to them, Christianity would be fighting oppression and violence in the lives of many individuals. They advocate for this with their foundation rooted on the teaching of the Jewish prophets. These two make references to the holy bible that gives guidelines on peacemaking process. The bible is the main source of restorative justice. Through teaching in the bible, one has a view of how disputes were earlier solved and uses the same in current events. At times, through the readings of the bible, people get to know what steps to take in problem solving. Restorative justice aims at resolving differences that would have risen earlier without causing any harm or even regenerating what had earlier happened. Restorative justice is for the purpose of repairing dif ferential concerns that arise in the community. These two authors emphasize that aspect of restorative justice is embedded in the bible as shown by the church. They have hence based their writings on issues of dispute resolving in the bible. For example before Saul converted to Paul he used to persecute Christians but after converting, he was regarded as a follower of Christ. Acts relating to the issues of personal violence would be grouped family and community types of violence. Further, those aspects relating to the family are grouped into partner, child or elder. Thus, there is child abuse, partner abuse or even elder abuse. Causes of interpersonal violence Writers have emphasized that violence cannot be caused by a single factor but, by a multiple factors. This is because violence is complex and may be as a result of one or more related aspects. These factors are looked into below to expound on the issue of violence. The individual is a factor to this respect. Individuals are di fferent in terms of ideas, feelings, practices, temper level and their views on the issue. The other aspects would be social, community and relationship areas. Interpersonal differences are those differences or disagreements that may come up when one individual in not in moral terms with another in society. Temper level within an individual may lead to violence within a community. We have to understand that there are people who get annoyed easily by unpretentious things. This would provoke such individuals to cause violence which is unnecessary. Violence can also be caused by communal aspects. At times, the community requires people to participate in some activities or even carry its own activities. Many are times when individuals may go against this issue. When asked about the progress of the same, they get annoyed, and cannot contain this pain in them and as a result, they initiate violence. Such aspects lead to serious problems that are harmful to the person and loss to the commu nity at large. There may also be societal aspects that may be a course of generation of violence. A valid action plan is to eliminate what annoys an individual to the extent of committing violence. In fact, Enns and Myers advocate for peacemaking as per the bible. Those annoyed hence should be slow to anger and listen to advice given to them by the medical experts. This would lead to peacemaking process in situations concerning violence. Effects of violence in the community Violence being unethical, impacts on the

Effective Training †Expectancy Theory Essay Example for Free

Effective Training – Expectancy Theory Essay Expectancy theory maintains that people will make an effort to achieve a standard of performance if they perceive that it will be rewarded by a desirable outcome (Wilson, 1999), giving more effort will result in better performance, these probable organizational rewards are valued by the employee, and better job performance will result to organizational rewards which includes an increase in benefits or salary. Desirable outcome is essentially a product of individual circumstances and perceptions and is therefore a subject to change. According to Wilson, at one time, lifelong employment and security of tenure at an equitable level of remuneration may have been the driving force for many employees. Those who have suffered the effect s of downsizing and redundancy are now likely to view the world in different manner, where jobs offering short term and reasonably remunerated employment prospects are more attractive than no job at all, and similarly, those in employment and those seeking employment are likely to have a positive view of work offering the prospect of development of differentiated and transferrable skills, as an investment in their future employability (Wilson, 1999). If one of the managers will say that he doesn’t have time for this theory stuff and he wants real-world training that will help him in his job, I will tell him first that, outsourcing, downsizing, delayering, and casualisation of jobs are all fashionable but these trends affect employees’ explicit or implicit relationships with their employer, and similarly, reduced career oppurtunities, shorter tenure, the need for transferrable skills to assist employability, and increased used of fixed term contracts weaken the traditional ties of loyalty to their company’s destiny psychologically as well as formally (Wilson, 1999). I will tell him that he should do anything which will encourage his employees to trust their organization or company because it is important to earn employees’ trust and loyalty to the company to achieve better productivity.

Reflection on Teaching Statistical Research Methods

Reflection on Teaching Statistical Research Methods I began teaching almost fifteen years ago, while in medical school. It was then that I discovered my love for teaching and its potential to transform the lives of both students and teachers. These two aspects have become the driving forces of my teaching. My teaching philosophy rests on four elements. First, I set challenging goals for both students and myself. Second, I believe in the effectiveness of action-oriented and participatory learning. Third, I value diversity in and outside of the classroom. Finally, I view teaching as complementary to research. My preferred teaching areas (biostatistics, epidemiology and social determinant of health) are closely related to choice of my research area. This will allows me to bring examples from my own research and service into the classroom, as well as to further my own thinking through classrooms discussions. Teaching research methods and methods of statistical analysis often provides a unique opportunity to motivate and empower students, as many are often skeptical about their abilities in these areas. Because students learn in a variety of different ways, I use a variety of methods in my classes to help ensure that one method will clarify concepts when others do not. By being flexible in my approach to teaching quantitative methods, I am able to help build the self-confidence of those who need it, and to communicate the principles of sound research methodology and statistical analysis to all students. Flexibility alone, however, is not sufficient. I also believe that it is important to demonstrate my own passion for the subjects I am teaching, not only to build my credibility as a teacher and mentor, but also to inspire students to develop skills and aspirations of their own in quantitative areas in which they may not have been interested previously. My overarching concern when teaching courses on research methodology and methods of statistical analysis is that students develop an ability to think critically and logically when evaluating statistical information that is presented in research, as well as in their everyday lives. Although not every student can be expected to develop an interest in quantitative methods per se, I believe that they all need to be able to evaluate whether stated conclusions are supported by the available data and analytic results. This helps to create informed consumers of research and provides students with a skill set the can apply to their future careers. My teaching plans include developing interactive and audiovisual teaching materials. I will also use various tools, both technological and pedagogical, that will effectively reinforce the teaching materials. I make use of a variety of instructional methods, including traditional lecture, technological tools, group work, and individual practice. I also vary my methods according to course content and student preferences. I will also like to take advantage of the internet, especially in terms of using some great applets that are available on the web for class demonstrations. I believe that one should employ whatever tools that will most effectively accomplish the job of teaching students so that they retain the main ideas long after they have forgotten who taught them. I believe that epidemiology and medical statistics courses should be tailored to the needs of the students, with a balance of theory and application that is appropriate to the audience. Graduate students need a good under standing of both the theory and application of statistical methods. It is important for all students to see the connections: the connections between theory and practice, the connections between raw data and inferences, and the connections between different types of statistical methodologies. I also think that students need to practice with the connections between raw data and inferences. By this I mean that students need hands-on experience not only with data analysis, but also with explaining the results of their analyses clearly and concisely in writing. It is important that they are not just able to do a regression analysis, for example, but to also understand the usefulness and limitations of their analysis. On a practical note, I will like to supplement my lectures with numerous example data analyses, using real data whenever possible, and base my homework assignments on realistic problems. I also like to give homework assignments that involve writing a brief report to summarize a statistical analysis, or a critique of a published analysis, as well as individual or group projects and presentations. I also think students should be exposed to the practice of statistics through critical appraisal of journal articles using standard and validated tools. In and out of the classroom, I strive to present material to students in a clear, logical and interesting manner. I work hard to provide examples from empirical research, and to connect the course materials to the areas in which they are interested. To create a dynamic classroom experience for everyone, I encourage students to express themselves through class discussion and to apply course concepts to their own experiences. And, to ensure students know they make a difference in my courses, I always try to have them complete an informal mid-semester evaluation of the course and my teaching. This allows me to make positive changes during the semester and to make sure each course is successful. I would like my students to see me as an accessible, supportive person who respects them as individuals and is interested in their intellectual and personal development. I will strive to communicate to them the excitement that is gaining new knowledge from day to day. Often it is the interaction between teacher and students that nurtures the motivation and enthusiasm for science.

Introduction About The Lg Corporation Marketing Essay

Introduction About The Lg Corporation Marketing Essay Nowadays, there are many successful companies in all around the world and in the different branches of technology such as, Microsoft, Nokia, Samsung, Toyota and Toshiba. They are always trying to discover new ways to make peoples life easier. Today, there are many companies that are working in many branches of technology such as, mobile communications, home appliances, and technology innovator in consumer electronics. LG Corporation (LG Corp.) was established in October 1958[1]. LG is a Korean company and their headquarters is located at Seoul. LG is most commonly associated with the catch phrase Lifes Good but the name LG is actually the abbreviation of Lucky Goldstar. This name came from combining the work Lak-Hui(pronounced as Lucky) from Lak-Hui Chemical Industrial Corp. and Goldstar from GoldStar Co.(currently known as LG Electronics). During the past few years LG Corporation has introduced new technologies such as hard disks, computer monitors, laptops and cell phones to compet e with other companies. LG Corporation has plenty of reasons for being successful, but we will discuss the importance of Internet Social Changes, Changing Nature of Organisation and Business organisation and its Environment. Internet and Social Changes: Nowadays, Internet becomes a common thing in our life that playing important roles. Internet is one of the most powerful tools that have so many advantages, disadvantages and effects on numerous things in our life such as, Online Banking, Online Shopping, and Online Medical Advice and so on[2]. These kinds of services have made a new way in todays world. In the present time, many companies, shops and stores are connected to the internet for do their daily works. Having internet service is extremely necessary for every company. Internet is exactly like a service that is able to change everything in society. LG Corporation is just the same as other companies; they also have their own website which is http://www.lg.com[3] that contains many useful services for customers to connecting to the company. Having that website has a lot of benefits for LG Corporation. They include sharing information about all their products and company progress as well as advertising. Internet allows every company, businesses users and customers can connect in all around the world without any accessible problems. LG Corporation is able to share all necessary information about all products and progress of the company in their own website. This is because they explain every detail about their products on their website. On the other hand, every costumer is able connect to LG Corporations website to view the new products. In addition, server administrator can show all necessary information such as price, specifications and technology used in the website. It is because it can help customers to find products which suits their own preference and budget. In the present time, there are many ways for advertising such as through Televisions, Newspapers, Billboards, Wall Painting and Posters. To do these needs a lot of investments but today there is an alternative way which is way cheaper. Internet advertising is another thing that created a big change to the society and many strong companies. LG Corporation also uses internet advertising; it is because doing that kind of advertising has increased the companys profit. According to research that we have done from different websites we have discovered LGs purposes of doing internet advertising which are:-[4] (1) Finding new costumers and presenting new products. (2) To increase sales. (3) How to use new products and how those products can change the customers life by making their work easier. Besides that, there is another benefit of using the Internet on society. All customers can contact a support representative or send a message to Customer Service and Support of LG Corporation at any time of the day and they will respond to the costumers as soon as possible. All costumers from all around the world after connecting to the LG Corporations website to obtain information as well as getting the location of local LG distributers nearby the customers. One of the benefits of this society change is making shopping easier for all costumers. Changing Nature of Organisation GoldStar (currently known as LG Corporation) was formed in 1958. GoldStar then changed their name to LG Corporation in the year 1995. Their objective is to make customers happy through creating digital products and providing good service. Before this, their goal was to be the global top 3 companies dealing in electronics and telecommunications. To achieve this, they had several strategies in hand. Among this is Fast Growth. Fast Growth is done by expanding their earnings quickly as well as to improve the quality of their products instead of the products quantity. Besides that, they also have core capabilities which are divided into six. They are Product Leadership, Market Leadership, People Leadership, No Excuses, We not I and Fun Workplace. As for Product Leadership, it refers to their capabilities to invent top-quality products as well as using new technologies. Market Leadership is their ability to make LG the number one brand worldwide. People Leadership is their staffs abilities to perform extremely well. No Excuses refers to the company as well as its staffs to not blame anything for not achieving goals. We not I is to strengthen team work as well as not crediting work as only a person achievement but crediting the work to the contributing team. Fun Workplace is the workplace created by the company where staffs have their freedoms respected as well as a fun working environment. LG Corporation is a Public Limited company. This means that their shares are sold publicly and their major stockholders are given the companies yearly report. In 2008, LG Corporation paid out 57,232 million Korean Won to their shareholders. Another characteristic of a Public Limited company is they must have at least two directors with minimum age of retirement of 70. At the moment, LG Corporation has seven directors. These seven directors are divided in to two, Internal Director and External Director. There are three Internal Directors whom are Yong Nam(Vice Chairman CEO, LG Electronics), David Jung(CFO of LG Electronics) and Yu Sig Kang(CEO of LG Corporation). The four External Directors are Sang Hee Kim, In Ki Joo, Kyu Min Lee and Sung Won Hong. Business Organisation and its Environment As we know, every company has its own controllable environment and non-controllable environment. Controllable environment refers to the internal environment of the company and Non-controllable environment refers to the external environment of the company. The controllable environment and non-controllable environment plays a big role with the company. This is because it can influence many things such as sales, production, perception and many others. Therefore it is important for a company to maintain its proper internal and external environment. LG Corporation also maintains its internal and external environment. Internal Environment For their internal environment, LG Corporation is able to maintain the main four contents of internal environment which are labour, money, materials and equipment. At the firs, Labour refers to people who perform manual work and Manual work refers to work done with hands. LG Corporation has more than 82,000 employees whom work in many different fields of work in over 110 different countries. How does LG Corporation ensure that their staff will stay happy and loyal to the company? Firstly, LG Corporation provides training to their staff for both work related and ethics related. This is to meld the staff to be able to perform as well as to be an ethical person. This ensures that their staffs are kept up to date with the current technologies and methods to increase productivity of work. Secondly, LG Corporation provides rewards to their staff based on their performance. Besides that, LG Corporation has their own unique rewards system which rewards staff based on several factors such as working conditions. This is to give motivation to their staff to perform better when doing their jobs at work. If the staff at LG Corporation were to rebel, chaos w ould occur at the work place and production will decline and less work will be done. Second, Money refers to a medium the company has which they can use to exchange for materials, services and many other things. Money is the most important item a company must have since it is the medium used for trade. Since LG Corporation has been having profits for the past few years, they do not have to worry about not having enough money. LG Corporation uses money to purchase goods, materials, pay staffs salary, pay taxes, open new branches, pay for land, pay shareholders and many more. Without money, the company is considered bankrupt and will have to go through court order. The company will have its business stopped and all of the companys assets will be sold and the money obtained from selling those assets will be used to pay off all of the companys debts. Materials refer to the raw materials needed to build or make items. LG Corporation requires a lot of materials. For an example, LG Corporation uses cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFLs) to make LCD screens. Without materials, a company cannot make any of those items which the company produces and work will be set to a halt. Therefore, without the CCFLs LG Corporation is unable to produce the LCD screens and the production of LCD screens will be stopped. LG Corporation is also up to date with the e latest energy saving and environment friendly materials. Equipment refers to the items used to produce or increase productivity. LG Corporation uses a lot of equipment to increase productivity as well as reduce work needed to be done by their staff. For an example, staff at LG Corporation uses laptops and computers to increase productivity so they do not need to print and file up so many documents as the documents can be stored in the systems server. For their external environment, LG Corporation is able to maintain the main three contents of external environment which are competition, technology and ecosystem. Competition refers to companies which produce similar products which the company is competing to be the better producer. Among the ways to get more buyers is to reduce the price of the item. LG Corporation has many competitors. Among them are Samsung, HTC, Acer, Hitachi, Philips, and many more. To be ahead of their competitors, LG Corporation has to be innovative and produce new technology or items faster than their competitors. For an example, LG is releasing the first Windows Mobile 7 phone before HTC. Without competition, a company is considered to be king and will dominate the market with a particular product or service. They could take advantage and sell their products for a higher price. Technology refers to the new application of science. Technology is important to our lives as it makes work easier and gets done faster. LG Corporation also uses and produces new technologies. In the year 2000, LG Corporation launched their first Internet refrigerator. This refrigerator has a 37 centimetre touch-screen LCD monitor and uses can listen to music, make phone or video phone calls as it has a camera and microphone attached to it, watch TV, surf the Internet and even use the fridge as a whiteboard. Without technology, we would require more energy to do work as well as work takes a longer time and more effort. Ecosystem refers to the biological and non-biological things in an environment. Nowadays, people are becoming aware of the ecological problems around of us. Therefore many companies have become aware of their role to the environment. LG Corporation also has their eco-friendly products. LG released the GD510 phone nicknamed pop which a phone that runs on solar energy. Besides that, LG also released another phone called Remarq which is a phone made from 87 percent of recycled materials and 19 percent of it is recycled plastic. Conclusion: In summary, we discussed about the Internet social changes, Changing Natural of Organisation and Business organisation and its Environment. These are the three main points that Company of LG following. We believe that, if each company with respect to these arguments can be a success company with a high profit for future.

The One Child Policy and Gender Inequality Essay -- chinese culture,e

Given the high sex ratio in recent China population report, the abnormally excessive male birth exemplifies the persistence of son preference on women’s fertility behavior. Son preference rooted in Chinese agriculture-based economy and historical feudalism, in consistence with the reliance on laborers and continuing the family line. Older people prefer to depend on their sons to get financial and physical support, while daughters are regarded as property of their husband’s family since the day of marriage. However, the wish of having multiple children, especially boys, was challenged by the strict One Child policy in 1979. The One Child policy, also known as Family Planning policy, was implemented across the country as one of fundamental national policies under the administration of Population and Family Planning Commission. Based on the purpose of lowering fertility rates to ease social pressure and improve living standard, a married couple is only allowed to have one child with some exceptions made for some ethnic minorities and rural families. The majority of citizens are classified by ethnics and occupations to fit the specific regulations of compensations and punishments to prevent them from having a second child (Li, J., & Cooney, R, S. 1993). This proposal eventually triggered a profound introspection which chronically melted patriarchal cultures. The broad topic of how government’s decisions altered social norms is discussed within five sociological studies in my essay in allusion to the impacts of One Child policy on gender inequality. Key questions Gender inequality involves ideological preference and physical loss of equal opportunities to gain. The five articles examined the indirect effort of One Child policy on... ...onal Journal of Educational Development, 5, 474-486. Li, J., & Cooney, R, S. (1993). Son preference and one child policy in china: 1979-1988. Population Research and Policy Review, 12(3), 277-296. Liu, F. (2006) Boys as only-children and girls as only-children—parental gendered expectations of the only-child in the nuclear Chinese family in present-day China, Gender and Education, 18(5), 491-505 Merli, M. G., & Smith, H. L. (2002). Has the Chinese Family Planning Policy been successful in changing fertility preferences?. Demography, 39(3), 557-572. Ming,T., & Lynne,R. (2002). The only child and educational opportunity for girls in urban China. Gender & Society, 16(1), 74-92. Zhai, F.,&Gao, Q. (2010). Center-based care in the context of one child policy in China: Do child gender and siblings matter?.Population Research and Policy Review, 29(5), 745-774.

Literary Theory And African Am :: essays research papers

â€Å"Race is defined as one group of the populations constituting humanity.† (Coon 62)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since the 1970’s, the conclusion has been stated that race is a social, cultural and political concept based largely on superficial appearances. The notion of ‘race’ is so emotionally charged that objective discussion of its significance in relation to social problems is extremely difficult. There are three theories that have been very significant in re-defining the term â€Å"race† throughout their composition. This essay attempts to define the current North American concept of â€Å"race† among the African American culture and other racial notions that have been created throughout the configuration of the Post-Modernist, Feminist and Post-Colonial theories.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Post-Modernism is a complicated term, one that has only emerged as an area of study since the mid-1980’s. Post-Modernism, by it’s very nature, is virtually impossible to come up with one single definition, though, Post-Modernism in it’s totality is the movement in arts, music, literature and drama which rejected the past Victorian ideas of â€Å"modern†. The movement contributed to the realization that art has no single meaning and overturned the problems with culture and language boundaries that cut away at art’s meaning, worth and truth. Today, the state of mind of the human world is called Post-Modernism, since it is a multi-cultural era. Racial Post-Modernism calls attention to those understandings that are shared across the boundaries of class, gender and race. To take racism seriously, one must consider the plight of the underclass people of color, a vast majority of whom is black. For African Americans Post-Modern conditio ns have been and are characterized by continued displacement and despondency. There is increasing class division and differentiation, creating a significant black middle-class concerned with racism to the degree that is poses constraints on upward social mobility. However, this is also building a vast and growing black underclass that embodies a kind of walking rejection that manifests pervasive drug addiction, alcohol abuse, homicide and suicide. (Biddiss 17). Now, because of de-industrialization, we also have a devastated black industrial working class. I am referring to a sentiment of tremendous hopelessness. Very few African American intellectuals have talked, or written, about Post-Modernism. In J.F. Loytard’s book â€Å"the Post-Modern Condition†, he confronts the lack of recognition of black presence that much Post-Modernist theory reinscribes and the resistance on the part of most black people to hearing about real connections between Post-Modernism and black e xperience.

Andrea Jung Case

1. Describe Andrea Jung’s leadership style. How did her upbringing influence that style? What assumptions about human nature does she hold? Andrea Jung is the quintessential transformational leader. Jung showcases her transformational leadership style through her charisma, delegation of authority, consideration of subordinates, and her ability to constantly modify the organizational structure of Avon. Jung’s charisma is seen in the strong passion she has for Avon. This passion was clearly manifested when Jung turned down a CEO position at another company to remain the number two person at Avon. The genuine love that Jung has for Avon and its impact on society serves as a motivational leadership tool. The influence of Jung’s positive attitude toward Avon promotes an atmosphere of cooperation and teamwork. Much like fellow transformational leader Howard Schultz, Jung is firm believer in delegating authority. An example of Jung’s trust in delegation was seen in her 2001 appointment of Susan Kropf to COO. Despite Kropf’s young age, 31, Jung believed she was the right woman for job. Jung’s instincts proved to be correct, as Kropf saved Avon roughly $460 million. In working her way through the many levels of Avon, Jung was able to understand the importance of sales representative moral, as they were the heart of Avon. It was through this knowledge that Jung decided to increase representatives’ commission payouts. This action is a clear example of her consideration of subordinates and Jung’s transformational leadership style. Jung’s leadership at Avon has always been characterized by her belief in modifying the organizational structure. Never were these modifications for her personal benefit, rather the benefit of Avon as a whole. From her initial changing of the vision statement in 2000, to her new business model in 2005, Jung has always put company goals ahead of any personal interests. Andrea Jung’s upbringing has had a clear influence on our transformational style of leadership. Andrea’s parents instilled in her a strong work ethic at a very young age. This work ethic, combined with her Asian parent’s high belief in â€Å"in-group collectivism,† set the stage for Andrea to take great pride in groups that she holds near to her, such as her family and Avon. On the contrary, Andrea’s upbringing was not one characterized by high individualism. A 2006 USA Today story states, â€Å"(i)ntroversion might be partially explained by culture, genetics and upbringing. More men are introverts than women. Masatoshi Ono, who resigned as CEO of Bridgestone/Firestone during the tire scandal of 2000, lived in Nashville for seven years but was practically unknown even by neighbors when he returned to Japan. Avon Products CEO Andrea Jung told USA TODAY in a rare interview in 2000 that she is not shy, but grew up in a traditional Asian household and was, therefore, ‘reserved. † As the above statement explains, the modest climate that Andrea was raised in was not one were she was able to showcase her assertive and confident side. In Jung’s rise to CEO one of her main obstacles was revealing her aggressive side, a side that was clearly surpressed as a youth. Andrea Jung possesses an array of assumptions on human nature. Jung is a f irm believer in having a genuine love for what you do in life. She assumes that not doing what you want to do is a sacrifice that affects both men and women. Andrea also believes that innovation is the key to finding success in business, however, Jung assumes that this innovation can not be used in a means to hurt the company. Jung’s strongest assumption on human nature is a person’s sound principles and passion will guide them through both the good and bad times. Jung’s charasmatic demeanor, combined with her modest upbringing, enable her to have these optimistic assumptions on human nature. 2. Does Jung practice high involvement management? Explain your answer. Andrea Jung practices a high involvement style of management. Jung’s high involvement management is seen through her reliance on decision power, information sharing, and incentive compensation. The delegation of all operational decisions to Susan Kropf is an example of the belief in decision power that Jung possesses. The delegation paid off in the long run for Avon, as Kropf saved a large amount in reducing the amount of suppliers. For Jung to put such responsibility in a subordinate is a testament to her high involvement approach. Avon is characterized by an open flow of information for all its employees. Key among this data is Avon’s spreading of facts on female social and health issues. Jung’s continuation of Avon’s traditional spreading of information pamphlets enables both her workforce and customers to share in Avon’s values. The distribution of these pamphlets enables Avon to form a special bond with their customers. High involvement managers believe in compensating their employees based upon their performance. Avon’s compensation is based on a piece rate system, where associates are compensated based on the amount they sell. In another manifestation of her high involvement style, Jung decided to increase representative payouts. Some areas Avon even pays commissions to existing sales members, based upon reps that they personally recruit. 3. To what degree does Andrea Jung demonstrate the attributes of emotional intelligence? The five attributes of emotional intelligence are highly visible in Andrea Jung’s leadership style. Through her day to day demonstration of self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy, and social skills, Andrea Jung proves that she is a manager characterized by a high degree of emotional intelligence. Jung understands that her behaviors affect her workforce’s feelings and beliefs. The productivity of her employees is a direct result of her optimistic demeanor. A prime example of her self-awareness is evident when Jung states, â€Å"(i)f people can’t tell that I love this company, then it’s hard for me to be a lasting leader. † This quote serves a symbol of Jung’s ability to understand that her attitude, alone, is a key motivational force for Avon. Emotionally intelligent leaders are able to remain calm in both the good and bad times. From her time as a Bloomingdale’s management trainee, to her current role as Avon’s CEO, Jung has always been able to control her emotions. The self-regulation that Jung has shown through her ups and downs has encouraged her associates to handle their difficult situations in the same calm and open minded demeanor. Motivation is synonymous with Andrea Jung. She possesses a passion for Avon and its vision of elevating women in the community. Jung has a track record of constantly looking to improve processes at Avon. Her delegation of authority to Susan Kropt and her proposed correctional action plan are clear illustrations of this fervor. Through her search for feedback from associates and burning desire for constant improvement at Avon, it is clear that Jung is an emotionally intelligent leader. Jung’s understands the importance of a healthy balance between a professional and personal life. It is this empathy that enables her to be an effective manager. Her ability to balance her personal and work duties sets an example for her workforce. Jung also has shown that she is not afraid to make decisions that directly improve her employee’s moral, as was the case when she raised commission payouts for her direct salesperson workforce. Jung’s ability to see the big picture enables her to understand that a happy sales team will pay far great value in the long term than the short term balance sheet savings. Jung has established an array of effective working relationships with current and past colleagues. Her past relationships with Barbara Bass and James Preston laid the framework of her proficient social skills. Her belief in the importance in social relationships is depicted in her decision to keep Avon’s tradition of sales representative personally delivering roducts to their customers. It is through these social skills that Jung has been able to lead Avon to her desired outcomes. 4. What is Avon’s business model? How has the business model changed over time? Avon’s business model was built upon independent sales representatives selling cosmetics in a door to door sales approach. This model lasted for over 80 years, when two key economic forces caused Avon to change. The competition fro m large discount stores, as well as the trend of women joining the workforce, forced Avon to change its business model. In the 1980’s Avon, unsure of its direct selling method, went through a period of acquisitions where it bought some health care businesses and Tiffany & Co. , a high end jewelry retailer. In 1988 Avon’s new CEO, James Preston, recommitted the company towards its direct sales of personal care products. After selling off non core business departments, Preston focused on a restoration of growth at Avon. Avon was characterized in the 1990’s by a vision centered on a global understanding of women. Their recommitment to their direct sales model was seen in their global sales force of roughly 1. million independent sales representatives. The Andrea Jung era of Avon began at the start of the new millennium. Jung’s model was characterized by an even deeper emphasis on women, a reduction of suppliers, and an open mind regarding innovation. Despite much success in her early years at Avon, 2005 posed as a pivotal year for Jung, as Avon’s demand was in decline. Given the changing market conditions, Jung proposed a new business model that focused on increased R&D, channel support, and advertising. 5. Is Avon a learning organization? Explain your answer. Avon possesses many of the key attributes of a learning rganization. Through its constant ability to react to market conditions, openness to innovation, and guiding ideas, Avon is a clear example of a learning organization. Learning has been a cornerstone of Avon’s historical success. As their market has experienced a variety of drastic changes, their ability to react to market conditions has enabled Avon to survive for over a century. A great deal of learning at Avon comes from their process of having all executives spend time as a direct sales representative. It was during this experience, that a young Andrea Jung learned the complexity of Avon’s marketing materials. For a company to be considered a learning organization, it has to have an environment that fosters innovation. Andrea Jung single handedly influences Avon to adopt an innovative approach to their business practices. Jung possesses an open mind regarding any innovation that Avon could adapt to its advantage. It is this learning environment that has permitted Avon to experience such success. The most influential factor in making Avon a learning organization is the clear guiding ideas that management communicates to all employees. From James Preston to Andrea Jung, Avon has had a history of motivating, team building vision statements. The tradition of female focused mission statements is a perfect match for Avon, as the majority of Avon’s workforce is female. 6. How does Jung leverage human capital for Avon’s competitive advantage? Is this competitive advantage sustainable given the prevailing competitive pressures and forces driving industry change? Avon’s direct sales distribution is an inherent human capital leveraging characteristic that gives the company a competitive advantage. Jung’s increase in the amount of independent sales reps from 1. 5 million to 5 million is a clear illustration of her leverage of human capital. This sales headcount increase is but one of Jung’s human capital influences. Jung also motivates her sales force through her international travels, showing to her associates that each and every one of them is valued at Avon. Perhaps Jung’s most valuable leveraging of human capital is her ability to cater Avon’s highest principles and values to her largely female workforce. Understanding that Avon is a female centered company, Jung is able to keep company moral high, as employees connect their job with Avon’s vision of enhancing women’s value in the community. Avon’s competitive advantage is sustainable given the prevailing competitive pressures and industry driving forces. It is important to recognize the influence the Avon brand has on consumers in its developed markets. Despite Avon’s recent softened demand in these long standing markets, they will always have a loyal customer base thanks to their decades of personalized business. Avon’s growth potential is in the international markets. As India and China continue to industrialize their economy, their cosmetic and toiletries spending is set to skyrocket. Avon’s increased international sales headcount is the key in addressing their growing international opportunities. As long as Avon continues its innovative nature and stays committed to its bread and butter, direct selling with independent sales representatives, they will continue to perform well. 7. In 2005, what strategic and/or organizational problems exist for Avon Products? How are these reflected in the financial performance of the firm? Avon had two key strategic and organizational obstacles to overcome in 2005. The first issue facing Avon was the softened demand in their developed North American markets. Avon’s second problem was the increased competition in their growing international markets. This was an exceptionally troubling for Avon, as these markets were the key to their future growth. These two problems are clearly reflected in Avon’s financial performance. Exhibit 1 of the case, Avon’s selected financial data 1995-2005, reveals these issues as they relate to headcount. Avon’s number of US employees decreased 700 employees (7%) from 2003 to 2005. The decreased headcount in the US is a clear indication of softening demand in a developed market. The international headcount tells a different tale. Avon’s international headcount nearly doubled from 1995 to 2005, growing from 23,800 to 40,300. The growth in headcount is a clear manifestation of the growth of sales in the international markets, as total net income at Avon increased from $256. 5M in 1995 to $847. 6M in 2005. However, the ratio of net income to international sales headcount takes a turn for the worse between 2004 and 2005. Despite an increase of 1,500 international employees from 2004 to 2005, net income only rose $1. M. This is roughly an additional $1,000 in net income per new international headcount. Compare this ratio to the 2003 to 2004 numbers, where one new international headcount yielded an additional $79,000 in net income, and you see the problems Avon has experienced. The severe decrease in additional net income per international headcount is a direct result of Avon’s increased competition in their growing worldwide markets. 8. As CEO in 20 05, does Andrea Jung have the leadership qualities necessary to address these challenges effectively? Avon’s challenges call for an innovative, charismatic leader, a manager who is not afraid to sacrifice his or her personal gains for the better of the company. Fortunately for Avon, Andrea Jung is that transformational leader that has the qualities to guide Avon through these current challenges. Avon’s current obstacles are present in all their global markets. The solution to these deeply systemic challenges will be addressed by Jung’s strategic vision. Throughout her career, Andrea Jung has always been able prioritize long term answers over short term quick fixes. From her time at Bloomingdales, to her leadership as CEO, Jung was a proven track record focusing company resources on the appropriate issues. The high emotional intelligence of Jung will also enable her to properly address Avon’s current dilemmas. She understands that in order for Avon to tackle their current difficulties, she must not only keep company moral high, but also maintain a calm demeanor during this difficult time. The key to Avon success is in the interactions between their direct sales team and customers. From her visits to worldwide Avon offices, Jung is able to have a constant understanding of this interaction. It is this consistent understanding of Avon’s sales channels that will enable her to effectively make the necessary decisions for Avon. Jung’s ability to continuously reinvent her management style is perhaps her most crucial quality in terms of addressing Avon’s current problems. As Avon’s market has experienced a variety of influences throughout her tenure as CEO, Jung has needed to alter her way of thinking. Much of Avon’s past success is due to Jung being able to put her ego aside. This humble nature will enable Avon to successfully address their current concerns. 9. Evaluate the proposed correction action plan Jung and her leadership team have developed. What recommendations would you suggest to them? Avon’s four tier proposed correction plan is made up of a renewed commitment to brand awareness, a focus on their commercial edge, an elevation of commercial effectiveness, and a transformation of their cost structure. Although I feel this is an overall effective plan, I do have some recommendations on how to make this more successful. Avon’s commitment to brand competitiveness is characterized by a focus on Skin Care and Color as well as a boost in advertising. Although I feel that this proposal is solid, there are two key items that Avon must focus on for this initiative to be successful. Avon must do the necessary market research to ensure that their Skin Care and Color lines are sold in the most effective channels. Their past launches of â€Å"beComing and â€Å"mark† had issues because of the weaknesses in their selected channel of distribution. The second point Avon needs to pay close attention to is that they are getting the most out of their advertising dollars. As their North Americans are already mature, advertising efforts here will be less effective than in their more promising international markets. Avon must focus the majority of their advertising budget towards these global markets. This focus will enable them to establish a stronger brand recognition that will transfer into future sales. Avon’s second piece centers on them improving their merchandising and shopping appeal in their direct-selling approach. I agree that the direct-selling approach is their strongest asset, and that enriching it would create a lot of value. I do, however, recommend that Avon does not stray too far away from their traditional mode of direct-selling. Drastic changes to this will erode the traditional bond that Avon has with its customer base. I also recommend that Avon does not increase their merchandising too specifically. As was shown in their prior marketing brochure, Avon has had a history of flooding their customers with too much information. Avon’s plan to elevate its organizational effectiveness is characterized by an increase in training in people development. This proposal matches quite well with Jung, as she is an emotionally intelligent leader that believes in the development of her associates. My suggestion regarding this organizational elevation is that they do it in a way that does not affect the time that their sales force spends in front of customers. As personal interaction with clients is the cornerstone to Avon’s growth strategy, it is crucial that this time is not significantly decreased by various trainings. The plan for a radical transformation at Avon is made up of a realigned cost structure and a strategic leveraging of assets. Obviously, these are valuable initiatives to strive for. From Avon’s perspective, I would recommend that they develop multiple action plans based upon the financial effects of these changes. As their market is not predictable, they need to develop a worst case scenario plan, in the event their sales revenue does not meet expectations. History of â€Å"wooden-headedness† behavior at companies such as Sony and Snow Brand has proven that failure to plan for such problems can cause severe problems within a company. Having this plan set in place will enable them to immediately react to any adverse future performances.

Review of Janet Abbate’s Inventing the Internet Essay

The nets expansion has existed deep down an interworking electronic network of innovators g everywherenment and legions, data processor scientists, graduate students, researchers, cable and ph champion companies, net single-valued functionrs, and so forth The details given by Abbate asseverate the scripts claim that the net income was not innate(p) of a case-by-case originating pull downt. It, instead, progressed over time by dint of the combination of advances in applied science and necessitate in society. The meshing is an ever-adapting transcription, which is fresh and changing at escalating rates yet has a news report that crosses over several decades.Born within paranoia surrounding the Cold warfare and emergence through many different forms, the internets floor is laid break chronologically in Abbates hexad chapters. In this informative and methodical chronicle, Abbate tracks the significant teamwork of the meshings creators and societal needs in a diminutive and socialise volume of fib. Despite the revolution of the Internet bringing active doorways to assorted information, it has through a bizarrely deprived job of arranging its own history. As the Internets creators get older, it is inbred to capture their first hand accounts of the history they make.In her book, Inventing the Internet, Abbate saves the early history of the Internet. The book is divided into six segments. The first segment relays White Heat and Cold War The Origins and Meanings of Packet Switching that is primarily about packet reverse. The second covers the political and technical foul challenges involved in Building the ARPANET Challenges and Strategies, concerning the whopledgeability and struggles of ARPANET. The third segment covers intentionr communities and their postulate on the ARPANET in The approximately leave out Element Users Transform the ARPANET.The fourth considers the sacque made, From ARPANET to Internet approaching defense and research. The 5th section covers The Internet in the champaign of International Standards. The final section, Popularizing the Internet, shows the beginning of the capacious spread of the Internet but originally Internet connectivity becomes popular at the own(prenominal) level. All things considered, the book states the expansions in Internet history between 1959 and 1991, with some legal proceeding to 1994. The authors study of the Internets genesis makes systematic connect between the technological cultivation and its organizational, social, and ethnical environment.There are many for sale histories on the Internet, in print and online. Most are well-documented information on technology and its history. Some mention the fundamental concepts of communication, information, and goledge. Abbates work, however, goes beyond ordinary facts and her findings are most revealing. The beginning of the Internet is well known. It was a United States Defense research computer pro gram named ARPANET. The internal structure of ARPA that reared the network victimisation during its first years is not as well known.Inventing the Internet explains how the little authority was created in 1958 to respond to the Soviets successful introduction of the worlds first staged satellite. ARPA did not own a laboratory. ARPAs role was to create centers in universities through the financing of research projects in defense-related domains. When ARPA distinct in 1969 to connect the supercomputers scattered among university campuses, it had no political or financial hassle attracting the best computer scientists from all over the United States.The originality of ARPANET is this basic freedom, in parentage to market laws and official control. Inventing the Internet highlights ARPA and its brilliance, which seems to foul up both(prenominal) the hands-off approach and the state-intervention ideology. ARPANET was born in an atmosphere of total authority within a community whose total purpose was to connect the computer equipment from as many universities as possible, while smash the least restricting of standards. Packet-switching technology was the shaft of light hat seemed to execute the fewest constraints so ARPANET was based on packet switching instead of the circuit-switching technology that characterized all otherwise telecommunications networks in the world. Along the way, users and other developers took computer networking in directions that ARPA did not intend. Users rapidly made e-mail the most successful network application. Other countries tested the Internet with alter protocols and applications. The community of scientists hard-pressed the National scientific discipline Foundation into action that overshadowed ARPAs in the 1990s.As new applications and pressures arose, the United States government activity moved toward privatization of the Internet in the 1990s. This development and the commercialization of personal computers help ed build an opportune atmosphere for the introduction of the hypertext system and web browsers. The World Wide Web saturnine out to be available even to beginners. Abbate argues successfully that the origins of the Internet favored military values, such as survivability, flexibility, and high performance, over commercial goals, such as subaltern cost, simplicity, or consumer appeal (5).On one good side of things, it was these features that offered computer networks their crafty adaptability and quick reaction to the unexpected demands of users. Per the cons, suggests Abbate, they could stick caused defiance of commercialization in the system as ARPA did not visualize charging individuals to use the system the way the phone accompany charges individual telephone users. Based on detailed research in chief(a) documents and extensive communication with many of the principals in the story, Abbates history delivers the most detailed and revealing account.She succeeds in showing tha t both its developers and its users socially constructed this evolving technology. How might one know where theyre going, if they dont know where they have been? Its someway consolatory to learn that a technology that seems to be new and ever-evolving actually has a history crossing several decades. This history of the Internet, a technology that modern people use on a daily floor in various arrangements, is outlined so perceptively in Janet Abbates, Inventing the Internet.

Jasmine by Bharati Mukherjee

Kelsey Johnson Dr. Michele levy ENGL 336 April 14, 2013 periodic Informal Response 1a. Kureishis articulation of his individuality crisis is both an index of the pain of feeling poverty-stricken of secure roots, and also something we might use as a pivotal moment when thinking round the creative necessities of migrancy and diasporaliving in-between different nations, of, and non of each place, feeling neither here nor there, uneffective to indulge in sentiments of belonging to either location, outlined by others in often uncomplimentary ways. (Beginning Postcolinalism, p. 47) 1b. The preceding(prenominal) repeat from our theory text describes the feeling of non belonging somewhere callable to an identity crisis. This crisis was set forth as coming from the fact that 1 was non from a certain region, or may non belong to the group of that particular region. For example, I may be seen as odd or not belonging in a region complete of white Irishmen and they would make i t known I take int belong in these said unflattering ways. 1c. In the novel Jasmine, she is continuously moving and anguish because of this identity crisis tied to her constant migration.For example, when Jyotis graduation exercise husband is killed she does not do the traditional ardent of her own body with her husband but she moves to Florida. During her travels and attempts to bugger off citizenship in America, Jyoti endures the horrible conditions that come with illegal immigration For example, secrecy, hunger, rape, and even murder. All of this because she isnt of this nation? The text says, I wanted to become the person they estimate they saw humorous, intelligent, refined, affectionate. Not illegal, not murderer, not widowed, raped, destitute, fearful.In Flushing, I had lived defensively in the midst of documented rectitude. I did not want to live legally if it also meant living like a refugee. (Jasmine, p. 171) 2a. In this section, we shall film the extent to which Western libber discourses atomic number 18 able-bodied to address the double colonization of women living in once-colonised societies and in Western locationsJohn Thieme has explained that Western feminist writers and theorists have frequently seen parallels between their clambers and those of post-colonial women and have in particular identified with women who suffer double colonization (BP, p. 06) 2b. The higher up quote describes the family relationship between first beingness and third world women. Of course, third world countries atomic number 18 those that exist below the poverty line and struggle to survive. Theime says that feminist writers often see similarities between the lives of their subjects as well as their own. 2c. I believe the absolute novel Jasmine is a prime example of the relationship described above how feminist writers connect with their subjects and audiences due to double colonization.In our novel, Mukherjee writes about the life written report o f Jyoti and notices similarities in their lives, not because they have the same require life story, but because of their struggles as women in society. For instance, Jyoti took domination of her own life and created her own destiny (despite outset over several times) also because she is a muliebrity and isnt expected to have much tame over her own life. This is also shown in other novels weve read. 3a. These in-between spaces provide the terrain of elaborating strategies of selfhood singular or common that initiate new-made signs of identity Bhabha also opposes the brain of a sovereign or essentialised subject. For Bhabha and Spivak identity is a discursive product. Second, because subjectivity is discursively produced, it is possible for it to be remade and remodeled in new and innovative ways thusly his attention to the processes of articulation and elaboration in the quotation. The bump into is a place of possibility and agency for new concepts, new narratives, new ide as.Third, the new signs of identity which are possible impact upon both individuals and groups. (BP, p. 252) 3b&c. The above quote speaks about the product of physical borders and how they coincide with the crossing of imaginary borders within wizself. For instance, when a person moves from one geographical location to another, they seem to move from one persona to another. This was DEFINITELY seen throughout the novel Jasmine. As the narrator moved, she changed identities and personalities.